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1996-05-26
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Electronic material for:
Modeling and Rendering Architecture from Photographs:
A Hybrid Geometry- and Image-Based Approach
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~debevec/Research/
Paul E. Debevec debevec@cs.berkeley.edu
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~debevec/
Camillo J. Taylor camillo@cs.berkeley.edu
http://HTTP.CS.Berkeley.EDU/~camillo/
Jitendra Malik malik@cs.berkeley.edu
http://HTTP.CS.Berkeley.EDU/~malik/
Computer Vision Group
http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/projects/vision/vision_group.html
Computer Science Division
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/
University of California at Berkeley
http://www.berkeley.edu/
========== TIFF Images
Here are electronic originals of the figures that we used in our
paper. The numbering is the same, except for fig07b.tif which did not
appear in the paper due to space limitations. More information, our
latest results, and an expanded version of the paper are available
online at: http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~debevec/Research/
fig01.tif Schematic comparison of geometry-based and image-based
modeling/rendering systems, and our hybrid approach.
fig02ab.tif Image viewer showing marked features and model viewer
showing recovered model images from the photogrammetric
modeling system. This model was recovered from just the
one photograph, which was made possible by embedding
constraints of symmetry into the model. The tower is
the Campanile at the Univeristy of California at Berkeley.
fig02cd.tif Reprojected model edges, showing the accuracy of the
recovered model (only edges belonging to front-facing
faces are shown.) (d) A novel view of the clock tower
generated from three images and view-dependent texture-
mapping. The virtual camera position is 250 feet above
the ground.
fig07.tif Three of twelve images used to reconstruct a high school
building (University High School in Urbana, IL), with
marked features shown in green. The original images used
were 768 x 512 pixels.
fig07b.tif The edges of the recovered model, reprojected through the
corresponding recovered camera positions and overlaid on the
same three images. The fact that the blue reprojected edges
conform correctly to the original photographs indicates that
the building has been reconstructed accurately. Only edges
belonging to front-facing faces are shown.
fig08.tif Three views of the recovered high school model, rendered
as flat-shaded polygons. The twelve recovered camera positions
are all visible in the bottom picture.
fig09.tif A novel view of the high school building (from about 25 feet
above the ground) rendered with the view-dependent texture-
mapping method. Some artifacts due to uneven exposure in the
images can be seen toward the right of the image. Some trees
were masked out of the original images to produce this
rendering.
fig10abc.tif
A reconstruction of Hoover Tower in Palo Alto, California.
As in fig02, this reconstruction is also made from a single
photograph. The first image shows the original photograph,
with approximately 50 user-marked edges. The second image
shows the recovered model (since the top of the tower was not
visible in the photograph, its height had to be guessed at.)
The last image shows the results of projecting the first image
onto the recovered model. The blue regions indicate areas
that could not been seen in the original photograph.
fig11.tif The process of view-dependent texture mapping. The top two
images show projecting two individual images onto the building.
The bottom left image shows how both projections can be
composited using our view-dependent weighting function.
The final image shows the results of compositing all twelve
images using view-dependent texture-mapping.
fig13.tif The benefit of view-dependent texture mapping. (a) A detail
view of the high school model. (b) A rendering of the model
from the same position using view-dependent texture mapping.
Note that although the model does not capture the slightly
recessed windows, the windows appear properly recessed because
the texture map is sampled primarily from a photograph which
viewed the windows from approximately the same direction.
(c) The same piece of the model viewed from a different angle,
using the same texture map as in (b). Since the texture is
not selected from an image that viewed the model from
approximately the same angle, the recessed windows appear
unnatural. (d) A more natural result obtained by using
view-dependent texture mapping. Since the angle of view in
(d) is different than in (b), a different composition of
original images is used to texture-map the model.
fig14a.tif Key, Warped-Offset, and Offset images used in model-based
fig14b.tif stereo algorithm. The key and offset images are original
fig14c.tif pictures of the entrance to Peterhouse chapel at Cambridge
University. The warped offset image was created by projecting
the offset image onto a very basic model (two quadrilaterals)
of the entrace, and then reprojecting into the key camera
position. As a result, the structure of the scene is
relatively easy to recover by comparing the key and
warped offset images, rather than directly comparing the
key and offset images.
fig14d.tif A disparity map computed by model-based stereo algorithm.
The brightness values are a function of the distance
between the computed depth of the actual scene and the
depth predicted by the approximate model. This disparity
map can then be used to produce a depth map for the key
image.
fig16a.tif Rendered views of recovered chapel facade model, which are
fig16b.tif full-size images of frames 68, 0, and 290 of movie6.mov
fig16c.tif A depth map for each of four key images was recovered using
model-based stereo. For each rendering, all four images were
warped to the desired viewpoint using image-based rendering
techniques. Lastly, the four warped images were composited
using view-dependent texture-mapping to produce the final
rendering.
========== QuickTime Movies
movie1.mov Four images projected onto recovered high school model.
A shadow buffer algorithm is used to compute which parts
of the model are visible from the original camera
positions.
movie2.mov All twelve images projected onto the high school model,
composited with view-dependent texture-mapping. Some
trees and signs can be seen incorrectly projected onto the
surface of the building.
movie3.mov Same as movie2.mov, with obstructions (signs, trees) masked
out of the original images.
movie4.mov Fly-around of the chapel facade renderend with traditional
texture-mapping. The facade appears flat.
movie5.mov Fly-around of the chapel facade rendered with view-dependent
texture-mapping of four images. No model-based stereo detail
recovery has been performed. Since the model is such a rough
approximation to the model's surface, view-dependent
texture-mapping produces an undesirable amount of blurring.
movie6.mov Fly-around of chapel facade with geometric detail recovered
from model-based stereo and composited with view-dependent
texture-mapping using the same four images. Since the original
images are warped according to the scene's recovered structure,
rather than the approximate structure of the model, the
composited renderings are more realistic.